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In 1770, Wolfgang von Kempelen constructed the infamous Mechanical Turk. This automaton was supposed to play chess and even be able to complete the Knight's problem. Like the Digesting Duck, the Mechanical Turk amazed the audiences. However the machine turned out to be fake. Inside, a human operator was hidden. The automaton was bought in 1805 by Johann Nepomuk Maelzel, who also patented the metronome (another disciplinary instrument of labor performance, used for learning stenography).

— "RYBN

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Frank Gilbreth, an American engineer, embraced the idea of scientific management, and the idea of optimizing industrial work by dividing up and simplifying the worker's movements. In 1913, Frank & Lilian Gilbreth developed the Chronocyclegraph, applying Marey's graphic method and Chronophotography to study and optimize workers' movements in the factory. The rest of the story is a classic tale from economy courses. Taylor's principles radicalized into Fordism in the 1920’s. With Henry Ford – a notorious antisemitic propagandist and a Nazi regime sympathizer – the car industry and the assembly-line itself became the laboratory of ‘scientific management’. Then, after the second World War, in the 1960's in Japan, the Toyota Production System, under the influence of engineer Taiichi Ohno refined the labor organization with new instruments – the Just-In-Time production method.

— "RYBN

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Deloyloy also serves as an historical document, providing a detailed account of the events of the conflict even as it interprets and comments upon them. Names of key the figures of the resistance and names of the places are noted. Details such as how the British flew in reinforcements from India to battle against the Kurds are also described in the song. The main tone of this sonic battle for the Dengbêj is the notion of betrayal. Each stanza of the song closes with the refrain: Oh the Kurds, the traitors… This is an allusion to the internal divisions among Kurdish groups, some of whom collaborated with the British, such as the native policemen in the silence cabin, delivering the message in Kurdish, from inside the modified Victoria Vickers. Taken by the microphone, his voice is amplified 1.600.000 times, and pushed through the speaker cones, raining down as “verbal bombs”.

— "Boyraz

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#violence

In 1850, Helmholtz succeeded in measuring the speed of nerve impulses, which he called physiological time. In the same vein, Franciscus Donders, a Dutch ophthalmologist, developed the Noematachograph in 1865 – a derivative of the famous Phonautograph by Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. With this apparatus, Donders was able to measure and record the ‘speed of thought’, or more precisely, the reaction time to a given stimulus. Opening the field of mental chronometry, this apparatus is the ancestor of attention tests in cognitive neuroscience. In 1895, Herman Griesbach developed the Esthesiometer, to measure mental fatigue by measuring the tactile sensitivity of the skin. At the turn of the twentieth century Alfred Binet, a French psychologist and hygienist, studied mental fatigue and carried out intelligence tests in schools to identify bad pupils. His efforts culminated in 1905 with the adoption of a metric intelligence scale (the precursors of IQ tests), designed to assess children's aptitudes in relation to the occupations they are destined to exercise. This also marks the emergence of professional orientation.
The german psychiatrist and eugenicist Emile Kraepelin counted errors observed in a series of simple tasks to be performed within a given timeframe – such as memorizing a sequence of numbers. Errors were taken as the most obvious sign of mental fatigue. Kraepelin also invented a system for tracking students according to their work capacity, which went hand in hand with the needs of a civilization based on productivity. And to complete the panel on mental effort metrics, in 1922, Jules Amar invented the Psychograph – a device largely inspired by Donders’ Noematachograph – that he applied to workers and soldiers, to measure and record their sensory acuity and attention.[28]

— "RYBN

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The article underneath gives the political context. Accordingly, Sir Philip Sassoon, the British Under-Secretary of State for Air, defended the use of airpower in colonial contexts, in his speech on the estimated costs of the airborne efforts in Kurdistan at the House of Commons during the March 1933 meeting. He argues that it was a more cost-effective method of control compared to ground operations.[4] According to him, a “sky-shouting” method of delivering propaganda in advance of open conflict was successfully used against Sheikh Mahmoud (Barzanji) and Ahmad,[5] and “had a good deal to do with the collapse of this rebellion in North Kurdistan” (The Illustrated London News 1933, p. 503).^[6]

— "Boyraz

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In 1764, Jacques de Vaucanson build the Digesting Duck. This automaton captured the spirit of the time, René Descartes having engaged philosophy in modernist ways just a century earlier, where animals are considered mere machines.[38] The machine of Vaucanson marvels the audience during its demonstrations, due to the realism and perfection of its mechanisms. During these demonstrations, the machine is fed, literally, and inside the Duck, a mechanism, invisible to the audience’s eyes, supposedly reproduces the digestive system. Food is then transformed and expelled from the machine, as feces. However, after a closer analysis, the machine was revealed to be a fake. The magician and illusionist Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdini inspected the duck in 1844. He discovered that the duck's excreta consist of “pre-prepared breadcrumb pellets, dyed green”. He described the duck as “a piece of artifice I would happily have incorporated in a conjuring trick”.[39]

— "RYBN

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